A surge in cases of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a flu-like illness, has been reported in China, raising concerns among the public. While images of overcrowded hospitals have spread on social media, health experts emphasize that HMPV is not comparable to Covid-19 and has been around for years. They attribute the current spike to a typical seasonal increase during winter.
What Is HMPV and How Does It Spread?
First identified in the Netherlands in 2001, HMPV spreads through close contact with infected individuals or by touching contaminated surfaces. For most people, the virus causes mild upper respiratory tract infections, often indistinguishable from the flu.
Symptoms of HMPV
- Cough
- Fever
- Blocked nose
The virus poses the greatest risk to children under two, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals undergoing cancer treatment. In these groups, the infection can lead to severe respiratory issues, including wheezing, breathlessness, and croup-like symptoms.
According to infectious diseases specialist Dr. Hsu Li Yang, a “small but significant proportion” of immunocompromised individuals may require hospitalization, with a minority at risk of severe outcomes or death.
Why Are Cases Rising in China?
Like many respiratory viruses, HMPV thrives during late winter and early spring, when colder weather and indoor activities facilitate transmission. In northern China, the current surge aligns with ongoing low temperatures expected to persist until March.
This seasonal pattern is not unique to China. Many northern hemisphere countries, including the United States, are also experiencing an uptick in HMPV cases. Epidemiologist Jacqueline Stephens notes that these increases align with normal seasonal trends.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that there are no unusual outbreak patterns in China or elsewhere, and Chinese authorities have reported that the healthcare system is not overwhelmed.
Is HMPV a Concern in the UK?
In the UK, cases of HMPV have steadily risen since October 2024. While the UK Health and Security Agency (UKHSA) does not provide exact case numbers, its data shows a sharp rise in positivity rates in December. However, these levels are consistent with expected seasonal trends.
Could HMPV Cause Another Pandemic?
Experts agree that fears of a Covid-style pandemic are unfounded. Unlike Covid-19, HMPV is not a new virus. It has been present globally for decades, meaning most people have developed some immunity through prior exposure.
“Almost every child will have at least one HMPV infection by the age of five and will likely experience reinfections throughout life,” said Paul Hunter, a medical professor at the University of East Anglia.
While there is no evidence of a global health crisis, officials recommend taking precautions to reduce the spread of HMPV and other respiratory illnesses:
- Wear a mask in crowded places.
- Avoid crowded spaces if at higher risk.
- Wash hands regularly.
- Dispose of tissues securely.
Additionally, vaccinations against other respiratory illnesses, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are advised for high-risk groups.
A Seasonally Expected Surge
While HMPV cases are rising in many regions, health experts stress that this is a typical seasonal pattern. Taking preventive measures and staying informed can help protect vulnerable populations without undue alarm.
